Randpazifische Tektonik und Vulkanismus im südlichen Chile     

Prof. Dr. Henning Illies 《International Journal of Earth Sciences》1967,57(1):81-101

Zusammenfassung Die Struktur des südlichen Chile zwischen 37° und 42° S wird beschrieben. Die Anden gingen teils aus einer jurassisch-unterkretazischen Eugeosynklinale, teils aus magmatischer Regeneration gondwanischer Relikte hervor. Es überwiegt E-vergenter Falten- und Schuppenbau. In den Längstalbecken begann die Senkung im Eozän auf vorwiegend präkambrischem Sockel. Die Küstenkordillere besteht großenteils aus präkambrischen Para-Serien, welche seit der Oberkreide in die randpazifische Tektonik einbezogen wurden. Im Schelfgürtel herrscht seit der Oberkreide Sedimentation auf instabilem, antithetisch brechendem Sockel. Die Andesit-Förderung erfolgte längs geradliniger Fronten, welche sich mehrfach verlagerten. Beim Erdbeben von 1960 wurde der Krustenblock zwischen Kontinentalrand und Anden als Ganzes westwärts bewegt und gekippt. Ein Krustenmodell wird entworfen und dessen Entwicklung unter dem Aspekt der Kontinentaldrift Südamerikas diskutiert.

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The structure of Southern Chile between 37° and 42° S is described. The Andean cordillera is the result partly of a Jurassic-lower cretaceous eugeosyncline and partly of magmatic regeneration of gondwanian residues. Eastoverturned fold and imbricate structure predominates. In the basins within the longitudinal valley subsidence started in the Eocene mainly on a precambrian basement. The coast range consists mostly of precambrian para-series, which were included in the marginal pacific tectonics since the Upper Cretaceous. In the shelf region sedimentation takes place since the Upper Cretaceous on an unstable, antithetic breaking basement. Andesites erupted along straight fronts, which changed position several times. During the earthquake in 1960 the crustblock between the continental margin and the main cordillera moved westwards and tilted as a whole. A crust-model is traced out; its development is discussed under the aspect of the continental drift of South America.

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Résumé Ce traité comprend la structure du Chili méridional entre 37° et 42° S. La cordillère des Andes résulte d'une part d'un eugéosynclinal jurassique-crétassique inférieur, d'autre part d'une régénération magmatique des restes gondwaniens. Dans cette cordillère une structure plissée et écailleuse prédomine qui est déversée vers l'Est. Dans les bassins de la vallée longitudinale le sous-sol dont le socle était surtout précambrien, avait commencé à se tasser pendant l'époque de l'Eocène. La cordillère côtière se compose en grande partie de para-séries précambriennes, qui furent comprises dans la tectonique pacifique marginale depuis le Crétacé supérieur. Dans la région de la plate-forme continentale il y a une sédimentation depuis le Crétacé supérieur; le socle y était instable et se cassait antithétiquement. Les points d'éruptions des andésites s'alignaient; ces fronts tout droits changeaient de places plusieurs fois. Pendant le tremblement de terre en 1960 tout le bloc crustal qui se trouvait entre le talus continental et la cordillère des Andes fut mis en mouvement vers l'Ouest et basculé entièrement. Un modèle de l'écorce est tracé dont le développement est discuté sous l'aspect de la translation continentale de l'Amérique du Sud.

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Biocontrolled thermostasis involving the sulfur cycle     

Henning Rodhe 《Climatic change》1986,8(1):91-92

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Fossils explained 43: Anaspid fishes     

C. Giles Miller  Henning Blom  & Tiiu Märss 《Geology Today》2003,19(3):111-113

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Shock metamorphism of quartz at the submarine Mjølnir impact crater,Barents Sea     

Pl T. Sandbakken  Falko Langenhorst  Henning Dypvik 《Meteoritics & planetary science》2005,40(9-10):1363-1375

Abstract— Shock metamorphosed quartz grains have been discovered in a drill core from the central peak of the Late Jurassic, marine Mjølnir structure; this finding further corroborates the impact origin of Mjølnir. The intersected strata represent the Upper Jurassic Hekkingen Formation and underlying Jurassic and Upper Triassic formations. The appearance, orientation, and origin of shock features in quartz grains and their stratigraphic distribution within the core units have been studied by optical and transmission electron microscopy. The quartz grains contain planar fractures (PFs), planar deformation features (PDFs), and mechanical Brazil twins. The formation of PFs is the predominant shock effect and is attributed to the large impedance differences between the water‐rich pores and constituent minerals in target sediments. This situation may have strengthened tensional/extensional and shear movements during shock compression and decompression. The combination of various shock effects indicates possible shock pressures between 5 and at least 20 GPa for three core units with a total thickness of 86 m (from 74.00 m to 171.09 m core depth). Crater‐fill material from the lower part of the core typically shows the least pressures, whereas the uppermost part of the allochthonous crater deposits displays the highest pressures. The orientations of PFs in studied quartz grains seem to become more diverse as the pressure rises from predominantly (0001) PFs to a combination of (0001), , and orientations. However, the lack of experimental data on porous sedimentary rocks does not allow us to further constrain the shock conditions on the basis of PF orientations.  相似文献   

Composition and Flux of Holocene Sediments on the Eastern Laptev Sea Shelf, Arctic Siberia     

Henning A. Bauch  Heidemarie Kassens  Olga D. Naidina  Martina Kunz-Pirrung  Jrn Thiede 《Quaternary Research》2001,55(3):344

A 467-cm-long core from the inner shelf of the eastern Laptev Sea provides a depositional history since 9400 cal yr. B.P. The history involves temporal changes in the fluvial runoff as well as postglacial sea-level rise and southward retreat of the coastline. Although the core contains marine fossils back to 8900 cal yr B.P., abundant plant debris in a sandy facies low in the core shows that a river influenced the study site until 8100 cal yr B.P. As sea level rose and the distance to the coast increased, this riverine influence diminished gradually and the sediment type changed, by 7400 cal yr B.P., from sandy silt to clayey silt. Although total sediment input decreased in a step-like fashion from 7600 to 4000 cal yr B.P., this interval had the highest average sedimentation rates and the greatest fluxes in most sedimentary components. While this maximum probably resulted from middle Holocene climate warming, the low input of sand to the site after 7400 cal yr B.P. probably resulted from further southward retreat of the coastline and river mouth. Since about 4000 cal yr B.P., total sediment flux has remained rather constant in this part of the Laptev Sea shelf due to a gradual stabilization of the depositional regime after completion of the Holocene sea-level rise.  相似文献   

Geochemical evolution of groundwater in carbonate aquifers in Taiyuan, northern China   总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4  

Rui Ma  Yanxin WangZiyong Sun  Chunmiao ZhengTeng Ma  Henning Prommer 《Applied Geochemistry》2011,26(5):884-897

Thirty-nine samples of both cold and thermal karst groundwater from Taiyuan, northern China were collected and analyzed with the aim of developing a better understanding of the geochemical processes that control the groundwater quality evolution in the region’s carbonate aquifers. The region’s karst groundwater system was divided into three geologically distinct sub-systems, namely, the Xishan Mountain karst groundwater subsystem (XMK), the Dongshan Mountain karst groundwater subsystem (DMK) and the Beishan Mountain karst groundwater subsystem (BMK). Hydrochemical properties of the karst groundwaters evolve from the recharge zones towards the cold water discharge zones and further towards the thermal water discharge zones. In the XMK and the DMK, the hydrochemical type of the groundwater evolves from HCO₃-Ca·Mg in the recharge - flow-through zone, to HCO₃·SO₄-Ca·Mg/SO₄·HCO₃-Ca·Mg in the cold water discharge zone, and further to SO₄-Ca·Mg in the thermal water discharge zone. By contrast, the water type changes from HCO₃-Ca·Mg to HCO₃·SO₄-Ca·Mg in the BMK, with almost invariable TDS and temperatures all along from the recharge to the discharge zone. The concentrations of Sr, Si, Fe, F⁻ and of some trace elements (Al, B, Li, Mn, Mo, Co, Ni) increase as groundwater temperature increases. Different hydrogeochemical processes occur in the three karst groundwater sub-systems. In the XMK and the DMK, the geochemical evolution of the groundwater is jointly controlled by carbonate dissolution/precipitation, gypsum dissolution and dedolomitization, while only calcite and dolomite dissolution/precipitation occurs in the BMK without dedolomitization. The hydrogeochemical data of the karst groundwaters were used to construct individual geochemical reaction models for each of the three different karst groundwater sub-systems. The modeling results confirm that dedolomization is the major process controlling hydrochemical changes in the XMK and the DMK. In the thermal groundwaters, the dissolution rates of fluorite, siderite and strontianite were found to exceed those of the cold karst groundwater systems, which can explain the higher concentrations of F⁻, Fe and Sr²⁺ that are found in these waters.  相似文献   

Downward migration of Chernobyl-derived radionuclides in soils in Poland and Sweden   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Gerald Matisoff  Michael E. KettererKlas Rosén  Jerzy W. MietelskiLauren F. Vitko  Henning PerssonEdyta Lokas 《Applied Geochemistry》2011,26(1):105-115

Vertical profiles of ¹³⁷Cs and ^239,240Pu were measured in soils collected from two sites in southern Sweden and three sites in southern Poland and were modeled using both a solute transport model and a bioturbation model to better understand their downward migration. A time series of measured ¹³⁷Cs profiles indicates that ¹³⁷Cs from Chernobyl was found at the soil surface in 1986 but it has migrated progressively downward into the soil 4.5-25.5 cm since. However, because of dispersion during the migration and mixing following Chernobyl deposition and the much higher activities of ¹³⁷Cs from Chernobyl, stratospheric fallout of ¹³⁷Cs from the 1960s cannot be identified as a second ¹³⁷Cs activity maximum lower in the soil column at any of the sites. Conversely, the ²⁴⁰Pu/²³⁹Pu ratio indicates that no Chernobyl-derived Pu is present in any of the cores with the exception of one sample in Sweden. This difference may be attributed to the nature of the release from Chernobyl. Cesium volatilized at the reactor temperature during the accident, and was released as a vapor whereas Pu was not volatile and was only released in the form of minute fuel particles that traveled regionally. Both the solute diffusion and the bioturbation models accurately simulate the downward migration of the radionuclides at some sites but poorly describe the distributions at other sites. The distribution coefficients required by the solute transport model are about 100 times lower than reported values from the literature indicating that even though the solute transport model can simulate the profile shapes, transport as a solute is not the primary mechanism governing the downward migration of either Cs or Pu. The bioturbation model uses reported values from the literature of the distribution coefficients and can simulate the downward migration because that model buries the fallout by placing soil from depth on top and mixing it slightly throughout the mixing zone (0.6-2% per year of mixing). However, mixing in that model predicts concentrations in the top parts of the soil profiles which are too high in many cases. Future progress at understanding the downward migration of radionuclides and other tracers will require a more comprehensive approach, combining solute transport with bioturbation and including other important soil processes.  相似文献   

Ecosystem-based marine spatial management: Review of concepts, policies, tools, and critical issues   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Stelios Katsanevakis  Vanessa Stelzenmüller  Andy South  Thomas Kirk Sørensen  Peter J.S. Jones  Sandy Kerr  Fabio Badalamenti  Christos Anagnostou  Patricia Breen  Guillem Chust  Giovanni D’Anna  Mike Duijn  Tatiana Filatova  Fabio Fiorentino  Helena Hulsman  Kate Johnson  Aristomenis P. Karageorgis  Ingrid Kröncke  Simone Mirto  Carlo Pipitone  Susan Portelli  Wanfei Qiu  Henning Reiss  Dimitris Sakellariou  Maria Salomidi  Luc van Hoof  Vassiliki Vassilopoulou  Tomás Vega Fernández  Sandra Vöge  Anke Weber  Argyro Zenetos  Remment ter Hofstede 《Ocean & Coastal Management》2011,54(11):807-820

Conventional sectoral management and piecemeal governance are considered less and less appropriate in pursuit of sustainable development. Ecosystem based marine spatial management (EB-MSM) is an approach that recognizes the full array of interactions within an ecosystem, including human uses, rather than considering single issues, species, or ecosystem services in isolation. Marine spatial planning and ocean zoning are emerging concepts that can support EB-MSM. EB-MSM is driven by high-level goals that managers aim to achieve through the implementation of measures. High-level goals and objectives need to be translated into more operational objectives before specific targets, limits and measures can be elaborated.Monitoring, evaluation and adaptation are necessary to ensure that marine management measures are both effective and efficient. Solid monitoring frameworks are the foundation of adaptive management, as they provide the necessary information to evaluate performance and the effectiveness of management actions. Marine protected areas (MPAs) - possibly set up in networks - constitute a key component in EB-MSM policies and practises and have been applied as a cornerstone in conservation of marine biodiversity, management of fish populations, development of coastal tourism, etc. Moreover, MPA experiences have provided methods and concepts (such as zoning) to a wider EB-MSM context. The assignment of values to biophysical features of the marine environment allows the direct assessment of related management choices and may assist EB-MSM.A range of monetary valuation techniques have been proposed to reduce attributes of goods and services to a single metric. However, in the marine environment such an approach is often over simplistic, and thus less reductive techniques may be necessary. Rather than producing a single metric, the results of non-monetary assessments guide policy allowing weight to be given as necessary to potential areas of conflict and consensus.Strategies to take into account climate change effects and geohazard risks in EB-MSM have been applied or proposed worldwide. EB-MSM regimes must be alert to such risks and flexible to account for changes.  相似文献   

The importance of health co-benefits in macroeconomic assessments of UK Greenhouse Gas emission reduction strategies     

Henning Tarp Jensen  Marcus R. Keogh-Brown  Richard D. Smith  Zaid Chalabi  Alan D. Dangour  Mike Davies  Phil Edwards  Tara Garnett  Moshe Givoni  Ulla Griffiths  Ian Hamilton  James Jarrett  Ian Roberts  Paul Wilkinson  James Woodcock  Andy Haines 《Climatic change》2013,119(2):223-237

We employ a single-country dynamically-recursive Computable General Equilibrium model to make health-focussed macroeconomic assessments of three contingent UK Greenhouse Gas (GHG) mitigation strategies, designed to achieve 2030 emission targets as suggested by the UK Committee on Climate Change. In contrast to previous assessment studies, our main focus is on health co-benefits additional to those from reduced local air pollution. We employ a conservative cost-effectiveness methodology with a zero net cost threshold. Our urban transport strategy (with cleaner vehicles and increased active travel) brings important health co-benefits and is likely to be strongly cost-effective; our food and agriculture strategy (based on abatement technologies and reduction in livestock production) brings worthwhile health co-benefits, but is unlikely to eliminate net costs unless new technological measures are included; our household energy efficiency strategy is likely to breakeven only over the long term after the investment programme has ceased (beyond our 20 year time horizon). We conclude that UK policy makers will, most likely, have to adopt elements which involve initial net societal costs in order to achieve future emission targets and longer-term benefits from GHG reduction. Cost-effectiveness of GHG strategies is likely to require technological mitigation interventions and/or demand-constraining interventions with important health co-benefits and other efficiency-enhancing policies that promote internalization of externalities. Health co-benefits can play a crucial role in bringing down net costs, but our results also suggest the need for adopting holistic assessment methodologies which give proper consideration to welfare-improving health co-benefits with potentially negative economic repercussions (such as increased longevity).  相似文献   

A comment on an analytical stellar model     

Henning Knutsen 《Astrophysics and Space Science》1988,150(1):201-201

Recently, an analytical stellar model was presented. We show that the results are incorrect as they stand.  相似文献